Studying the seed and adaptations within an apple.

The fruit part of the apple is the ovary  wall, which has been filled with nutrients to become a pay off to the animal which eats it for dispersing the seed. 

The seed has a coating called a Testa, and this protects the seed and holds the cotyledons.

The ovary layer grows around the seed, and becomes more enriched with nutrients, and grows bigger. The colour and the scent of an apple attracts animals, and they eat it, and the seed goes through the digestive system and gets eliminated and the seed ends up in a mound of compost, theoretically with the required germinating conditions.

3.4 Plant Fertilisation

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3.3b Wind Pollination

Key Points:

1. Its the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma through air carried by the wind
2. An adaptation of the pollen is lightweight grains, probably with some kind of wing feature which allows them to move through the air more efficiently
3. The anthers will hang well clear of any basic flower structure so that they are exposed to the wind
4. Third feature is the stigmas, and again they have a large surface area, and a kind of feather like structure to catch the pollen grains as they pass through the air on the wind and will be caught onto the stigma structure
5. No colour in the petals, no scent in the grass, and also have no nectaries because this is a waste of energy, because they don't need to attract insects.

3.3a Insect Pollination

Key Points:

1. In the process of pollinating, there has to be a transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the flower
2. Pollen contains the male nuclei
3. The pollination takes place from insects, and the flower has to attract the insect
4. If pollen goes from one plant to another, its called cross pollination
5. The adaptations to attract the insect have signals such as colour of petals, scents which attract insects, and a pay off or value of the insect going to the flower which is given as a food in the nectaries producing a sugar called fructose
6. Stamen is the male part of the plant, composing of an anther which produces pollen, and is on a filament
7. The female part consists of a stigma in which the pollen falls on, and the style connects the stigma to the ovary, which contains the eggs and these are called ovules. The whole structure is called the Carpel